The Abbasids tried to counteract the reduction in revenues resulting from these processes by a redoubled exploitation of the remaining regions, which led to the regions’ economic decline. The process of disintegration of the Abbasid state intensified in the ninth century: in Iran, Middle Asia, Transcaucasia, and Egypt, independent states ruled by local dynasties (Tahirids, Saf-farids, Tulunids, Bagratids, and others) began to be formed. At the end of the eighth century certain territories-for example, Morocco in 788-began to break away. The intensification of feudal oppression in the Abbasid state and the rise in taxes provoked numerous popular uprisings-for example, the Muqanna uprising of the 770’s and 780’s, Babek’s uprising at the beginning of the ninth century, and uprisings in Armenia in the ninth century. The Abbasid Caliphate attained its greatest power under the caliphs al-Mansur (754–775), al-Mahdi (775–785), Harun al-Rashid (786–809), and al-Mamun (813–833). (The Abbasid state is often called the Baghdad Caliphate.) In the Abbasid Caliphate, as in the Umayyad one, feudal relations predominated, preserving powerful slave-owning and patriarchal ways.
The capital of the Abassid state became Baghdad, established in 762 by the caliph al-Mansur. The center of the caliphate moved from Syria to Iraq. The Arab nobility lost its former exclusive position the feudal nobility of Iran and Middle Asia became the chief support of the Abbasids. The first Abbasid caliph was Abu-al-Abbas al-Saffah (750–754). Taking advantage of the successes of the anti-Umayyad Shiite movement (the uprising of Abu Muslim), the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads. A dynasty of Arab caliphs (750–1258), descended from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad.
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